JACS: 高负载铱显著增强氧化镍基析氧反应


【引言】

水分解是一项极具前景的技术,传统的四电子析氧反应(OER)存在动力学缓慢,能量损失大等问题,即使是目前最先进的高成本的贵金属催化剂(如氧化铱和氧化钌)仍然存在这个问题,这直接阻碍了该技术的大规模应用。因此,研究者致力于开发低成本高效益的OER催化剂替代现有的商业催化剂。单原子催化剂(SACs)因其在电化学反应中具有活性中心均匀性好、产物选择性高、载体种类多、原子利用率高、贵金属用量少等优点而受到广泛关注。

然而,由于金属原子与载体之间的弱相互作用,制备SACs一直面临着单个原子在载体上负载低的挑战。为了解决这个问题,大多数研究集中在修饰载体材料上,如引入缺陷、空位和掺杂原子,以增强载体与金属原子之间的相互作用。然而,通过这些方法产生的缺陷位点数量有限,这导致单原子的负载量仍然太低,催化活性不足,无法商业应用。SACs的实际应用受到有限活性位点的限制,而活性位点数量是目前SACs的主要屏障。因此,提高催化剂的负载量迫切需要更有效的策略。

除活性中心外,单原子的本征活性是决定催化性能的另一个方面。催化剂原子与载体之间的相互作用对催化剂的稳定性和活性有着重要的影响。载体不但提供了催化反应发生的平台,同时也决定了局部原子结构和电子结构。在这方面,为了最大限度地提高金属原子的催化活性,将单个原子锚定在载体上的稳定位置对SACs的合理设计至关重要。尽管迄今为止,在实验和理论上都取得了令人鼓舞的进展,但对于实现锚定在明确位置上的单原子高覆盖率的研究仍然不足,需要进一步探索。

【研究进展】

近日,南方科技大学谷猛教授和徐虎教授联合俄勒冈州立大学的Zhenxing Feng教授在JACS上报道了一项高效析氧反应的工作,文章题目为” Ultrahigh-loading of Ir single atoms on NiO matrix to dramatically enhance oxygen evolution reaction”。 作者开发了一种简便的方法来合成单一的铱原子催化剂(称为Ir-NiO),其在氧化镍(NiO)基体上的铱原子负载量达到了前所未有的18wt%。像差校正扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(XAS)表明,单个铱原子均匀地分布在NiO的最外层表面。密度泛函理论计算表明,被取代的单原子是OER的活性中心,同时由于铱原子引入的过量电子激活了NiO的近表面反应性,从而显著提高了NiO的OER性能。由于单个铱单原子的高负载量和独特的电子结构,Ir-NiO在260 mV的过电位下表现出优越的OER活性,电流密度超过了IrO2 46倍以上。

【图文简介】

图1 材料表征

a-b)具有代表性的低(a)和高(b)放大率的NiO样品的SEM图像;

c) NiO和Ir-NiO的XRD图谱;

d) Ir-NiO的EDS谱;

e, g) 代表性的低倍和(g)高倍HAADF-STEM图像显示了高密度的铱单原子;

f) Ir-NiO的STEM-EDS元素图;

h-i)(h)Ir M-edge和(i)O K-edge和Ni L-edge的EELScore-loss信号。

图2 元素表征

a) 具有代表性的红外NiO催化剂HAADF-STEM显微照片,其中的亮点归因于铱单原子。b-c)相应的原子模型。

d-k)沿(d,e,h)[111]区域轴和(i-k)[211]区域轴的原子图像;

l) 这些线表示在(h-i)中标记的HAADF强度分析的线轮廓;

f-g)[111]和[211]区域轴的原子模型。(所有图中比例尺均为1nm)

图3 Ir-NiO、IrO2和NiO的XPS和XAS表征

a) IrO2和Ir NiOIr 4f区的曲线解析XPS;

b) NiO和Ir-NiO的Ni 2p区的曲线分辨XPS;

c)Ir-NiO、Ir箔和IrO2的Ir-L3 X射线近边分析数据;

d) NiO,NiO和NiOOH的Ni K边XANES数据;

e-f)Ir-NiO催化剂(e)Ir L边和(f)Ni K边的傅里叶变换EXAFS光谱及其参考数据。

图4 催化性能表征

a-b) Ir-NiO、NiO和IrO2催化剂在1M KOH中的LSV极化曲线和OER的(b)Tafel图;

c) 不同催化剂在电流密度为10 mA cm-2时的过电位,插图是电流密度为1.48 V和1.49 V时与RHE时的比较;

d) 通过绘制0.75 V/RHE时的电流密度变化与扫描速度的对比来估计Cdl,以拟合线性回归;e) 在j=10 mA cm-2下进行10 h的长期耐久性试验。

图5 理论计算

a)理想NiO(001)和单Ir原子掺杂NiO(001)(Ir-NiO(001))上1.23 V/RHE势下OER的自由能;

b)Ir-NiO(001)表面二维电势场的DFT计算;

c)*OH从Ni原子向Ir原子扩散的能量分布。

【小结】

  该研究实现了锚定在NiO基体上的Ir单原子的超高负载,极大地改善了水的分裂性能。结果表明,负载的Ir原子位于NiO最外表面的Ni位,即使在10小时后仍保持单原子状态。Ir单原子在NiO表面的超高负载量不仅提高了催化剂的催化活性,而且有助于保持样品在长循环后的结构完整性。独特的原子结构使Ir的氧化态接近4+。DFT计算表明,取代的Ir原子是OER的活性中心,同时也提高了周围Ni原子的活性,从而显著提高了NiO的OER性能。催化位点的增加和单原子与载体之间的协同作用是提高SACs内在活性的重要原因,为SACs的进一步合成和设计提供了理论依据。

文献链接:Ultrahigh-loading of Ir single atoms on NiO matrix to dramatically enhance oxygen evolution reaction, JACS, 2020, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12642.

谷猛团队介绍:

纳米能源实验室成立于2017年,现有团队成员22人。团队带头人谷猛博士目前为南方科技大学材料科学与工程系副教授,主要从事能源材料科学研究,研究领域包括基于原位透射电镜研究电池、高性能全固态电池的合成和机理分析、原位透射电镜研究催化剂等几个方面。

工作汇总:  

谷猛研究员2015年获得美国电镜协会颁发的Albert CREWE Award,2017年入选千人计划,2018年入选孔雀计划B类与深圳领航人才,2019年获得深圳市青年科技奖。获得了青年千人计划300万经费,孔雀计划500万经费,国家自然科学基金青年项目,中广核研究项目,以骨干成员身份参与深圳市工程重点实验室项目,深圳清洁能源研究院,广东省电驱动力能源材料重点实验室,粤港澳光热电能源材料与器件联合实验室等。取得多项国际同行高度认可的标志性科研成果。团队文章多发表在Nature Catalysis, Nature Communications,Nano Letters,ACS Nano,Advanced Materials,angewandte chemie international edition,Physical Review Letters,Nano Energy等知名杂志,Google Scholar引用7600次,其中ESI他引统计共4730次,ESI高被引论文共9篇,ESI他引超过100次的有17篇。其中第一、通讯作者且影响因子大于10的文章有21篇。

研究成果:1.围绕催化剂的应用基础研究,基于工业生产对新型高性能清洁催化剂的迫切需求,从材料-性能-机理-应用进行贯通式研发,实现大批量低成本实用催化剂的研发、完善和升级。目前已申请专利八项,其中美国专利1项。绿色催化剂的产业化制备与性能研究正在稳步进行。2.采用全新的固态电解质取代当前有机电解液和隔膜来制备固态电池,具有高安全性、高体积能量密度,同时与不同新型高比能电极体系(如锂硫体系、金属-空气体系等)进行适配研究,可进一步提升质量能量密度,并配套南科大先进的球差电镜对其进行表征与机理研究,并采用更简单安全的方法来制备固态电解质,从而促进固态电池的产业化。

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