材料人报告 | 从AM封面说起——当今材料领域的研究热点
《Advanced Materials》 (Adv. Mater.)是工程与计算大学科、材料与化学的顶尖期刊,在国际材料领域科研界上享誉盛名。该期刊接收率只有10%-15%,影响因子达19.79(2017年)。2017年,《Advanced Materials》共刊登了1357篇文章,涵盖材料化学、材料物理、生物材料、纳米材料、光电材料、金属材料、无机非金属材料,电子材料等众多材料相关研究领域。笔者对其2017年第29卷共48期封面文章进行分析,旨在了解和发现近期材料发展动态和研究热点。
1、总论
2017年,AM第29卷封面文章包含44篇研究型文章(Article)和3篇高校/研究所特刊,1篇电池特刊。根据封面文章内容将其分为8个大类:能源材料、生物/仿生材料、材料制备、功能材料、纳米材料、过渡金属/无机材料和水凝胶。各类属封面文章数量如图1 所示,可以看出能源材料及功能材料相关内容是年度重头戏,二者相加几乎占全年封面文章数量的一半。下面,笔者将分别对一些重要类别的文章进行详细分析。
图1 2017年AM不同类属封面文章占比
2.能源材料
广义的说,凡是能源工业及能源技术所需的材料都可称为能源材料(Energy materials)。但在新材料领域,能源材料往往指那些正在发展的、可能支持建立新能源系统满足各种新能源及节能技术的特殊要求的材料。目前研究热点主要在提高新能源材料的储能能量、能量转换、器件的功能化等方面。
图2 2017年AM封面能源类文章分析
而Issue 48 的电池特刊,展示了一系列新颖的下一代电池(于2016年举办的国际下一代电池专题讨论会上发布)。 研究方向主要包括锂离子电池、钠离子电池、锂硫电池、锂空气电池、钠空气电池、铝离子电池、燃料电池和超级电容器。预计这些储能系统将为我们未来的社会带来更先进的电动车、固定式电池以及电动飞机。
3.生物/仿生材料
生物材料(biomaterials)是用于与生命系统接触和发生相互作用的,并能对其细胞、组织和器官进行诊断治疗、替换修复或诱导再生的一类天然或人工合成的特殊功能材料,又称生物医用材料。仿生材料(biomimetic materials)是把仿照生命系统的运行模式和生物材料的结构规律而设计制造的人工材料。仿生设计不仅要模拟生物对象的结构, 更要模拟其功能。
AM杂志封面上刊登的该类文章是功能、电子、生物材料等领域的交叉研究结果,如:Issue 30的文章——仿生材料:基于光致液晶弹性体的自调节虹膜;Issue 24文章——生物电子学:机电纳米发生器——细胞相互作用调节细胞活性。而在Issue 45 期的自然表面和材料研究特刊中,介绍了北京航空航天大学在天然生物表面启发下的超润湿系统方面取得的有效进展。
4、功能材料
功能材料(function material)是指通过光、电、磁、热、化学、生化等作用后具有特定功能的材料。功能材料涉及面广,具体包括光、电功能,磁功能,分离功能,形状记忆功能等等。这类材料相对于通常的结构材料而言,一般除了具有机械特性外,还具有其他的功能特性。我们可以看出,AM对于功能材料的微观结构(如晶体、液晶等)的研究结果颇为青睐。
图3 2017年AM封面功能材料类文章分析
5.纳米材料
纳米材料(Nanomaterial)是指在三维空间中至少有一维处于纳米尺寸(0.1-100 nm)或由它们作为基本单元构成的材料,这大约相当于10~100个原子紧密排列在一起的尺度。纳米材料是其它材料领域的研究基础,研究人员多在纳米材料的结构上下功夫。如Issue 28封面文章——纳米膜:跨相界面的铁离子和单宁的双相超分子自组装形成纳米膜;Issue 35封面文章——纳米多孔材料:通过锥形接触的一步整合实现可控有机电阻切换。
6.其他及小结
2017年,AM封面文章还包含水凝胶、智能材料、自组装材料等相关内容,这些研究对于环境、人工智能等方面均有突出贡献。这些文章均为交叉学科下的研究结果。根据AM 2017年48篇封面文章的分析,大家对目前的热点有了一个大概的了解。毋庸置疑,能源、材料是当仁不让的科研圈超级新星,材料学与各个学科的融合与交叉促进了新材料的产生和现有材料的新应用,以材料与其它科学的交叉融合造就了如今材料的“黄金时代”,这也体现出科学向综合性发展的趋势。
另外,在44篇研究型文章中,韩国、中国、美国研究人员领跑。其中,中国作者成果占总数的1/4。
图4 2017年AM封面文章作者所在国家分布
同时 ,笔者统计了这些中国研究人员的所属机构,中国国家科学院的研究人员为我国主力,天津大学、南京大学等也均为突出。
图5 2017年发表AM封面文章的中国研究人员所属机构分布
2017年AM封面文章链接:
能源方面
Issue 1:
(Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770001)
Issue 4:
Polymer Solar Cells: Panchromatic Sequentially Cast Ternary Polymer Solar Cells
(Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770022)
Issue 5:
Flexible Electronics: Flash-Induced Self-Limited Plasmonic Welding of Silver Nanowire Network for Transparent Flexible Energy Harvester (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770029)
Issue 10:
Memory Devices: Direct Observations of Nanofilament Evolution in Switching Processes in HfO2-Based Resistive Random Access Memory by In Situ TEM Studies (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770065)
Issue 11:
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Postpatterned Electrodes for Flexible Node-Type Lithium-Ion Batteries (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770072)
Issue 12:
Solar Cells: All-Vacuum-Deposited Stoichiometrically Balanced Inorganic Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with Stabilized Efficiency Exceeding 11% (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770078)
Issue 21:
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Dual-Functionalized Double Carbon Shells Coated Silicon Nanoparticles for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770142)
Issue 27
Photocatalysts: Enhanced Solar-to-Hydrogen Generation with Broadband Epsilon-Near-Zero Nanostructured Photocatalysts (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770192)
Issue 40
Photoconductivity: Giant Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion with Photoconductivity Gain on Nanostructured Bismuth Oxysulfide Photoelectrodes under Visible-Light Illumination (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770287)
Issue 46
Nanofluidic Channels: Engineering 2D Nanofluidic Li-Ion Transport Channels for Superior Electrochemical Energy Storage (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770327)
Issue 48
Next-Generation Batteries (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770340)
生物/仿生材料
Issue 15:
Electronic Skin: Electronic Skin with Multifunction Sensors Based on Thermosensation (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770099)
Issue 24
Bioelectronics: Electromechanical Nanogenerator–Cell Interaction Modulates Cell Activity (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770166)
Issue 30
Biomimetic Materials: Self-Regulating Iris Based on Light-Actuated Liquid Crystal Elastomer (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770215)
Issue 34
Water Splitting: A Highly Versatile and Adaptable Artificial Leaf with Floatability and Planar Compact Design Applicable in Various Natural Environments (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770242)
Issue 36
Bioinspired Catalysts: Exceptional High-Performance of Pt-Based Bimetallic Catalysts for Exclusive Detection of Exhaled Biomarkers (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770257)
Issue 45
Nature-Inspired Surface and Materials Research (Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770323)
Silk Inverse Opals: Modulation of Multiscale 3D Lattices through Conformational Control: Painting Silk Inverse Opals with Water and Light (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770273)
纳米材料
Issue 9:
Functional Nanoparticles: Degradability and Clearance of Silicon, Organosilica, Silsesquioxane, Silica Mixed Oxide, and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770058)
Issue 26
Nanoparticles: Low-Cost Manufacturing of Bioresorbable Conductors by Evaporation–Condensation-Mediated Laser Printing and Sintering of Zn Nanoparticles (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770183)
Issue 28
Nanofilms: Biphasic Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Ferric Ions and Tannic Acid across Interfaces for Nanofilm Formation (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770201)
Issue 32
Multilayer Graphene: Chemical Vapor Deposition of Bernal-Stacked Graphene on a Cu Surface by Breaking the Carbon Solubility Symmetry in Cu Foils (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770229)
Issue 35
Nanoporous Materials: Controllable Organic Resistive Switching Achieved by One-Step Integration of Cone-Shaped Contact (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770249)
Issue 39
Nanocarriers: Capturing “Extraordinary” Soft-Assembled Charge-Like Polypeptides as a Strategy for Nanocarrier Design (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770280)
Issue 22:
Nanospheres: Selective Coloration of Melanin Nanospheres through Resonant Mie Scattering (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770150)
功能材料
Issue 2:
Cellulose Nanocrystals: Mind the Microgap in Iridescent Cellulose Nanocrystal Films (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770008)
Issue 16:
Transistors: Ultrahigh Mobility in Solution-Processed Solid-State Electrolyte-Gated Transistors (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770106)
Issue 23
Carbon Nanotubes: On-Chip Chemical Self-Assembly of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs): Toward Robust and Scale Invariant SWNTs Transistors (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770158)
Issue 29
Photonic Crystals: Printable and Rewritable Full Block Copolymer Structural Color (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770209)
Issue 37
Liquid Crystals: Polymer-Stabilized Micropixelated Liquid Crystals with Tunable Optical Properties Fabricated by Double Templating (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770265)
Issue 42
Photonic Crystals: Light-Patterned Crystallographic Direction of a Self-Organized 3D Soft Photonic (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770301)
Issue 43
Liquid Crystals: A Fluid Liquid-Crystal Material with Highly Polar Order (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770309)
Issue 47
Field-Effect Transistors: Wafer-Scale Synthesis of Reliable High-Mobility Molybdenum Disulfide Thin Films via Inhibitor-Utilizing Atomic Layer Deposition (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770334)
Issue 18:
Photoluminescence: Integrated Freestanding Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770119)
Issue 19:
Luminescence: Full-Color Tunable Circularly Polarized Luminescent Nanoassemblies of Achiral AIEgens in Confined Chiral Nanotubes (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770126)
Issue 17:
Metal–Organic Frameworks: A New Class of Lasing Materials: Intrinsic Stimulated Emission from Nonlinear Optically Active Metal–Organic Frameworks (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770112)
关于材料制备
Issue 6:
Photothermal Therapy: Light-Triggered Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Therapy and Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumors In Vivo (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770022)
Issue 7:
Spontaneous Assembly: Swarm Intelligence-Inspired Spontaneous Fabrication of Optimal Interconnect at the Micro/Nanoscale (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770043)
Issue 8:
Graphene: Graphite-to-Graphene: Total Conversion (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770050)
智能材料
Issue 13:
Smart Materials: Blooming Knit Flowers: Loop-Linked Soft Morphing Structures for Soft Robotics (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770085)
过渡金属/无机材料
Issue 33
Monolayers: Thermodynamically Stable Synthesis of Large-Scale and Highly Crystalline Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers and their Unipolar n–n Heterojunction Devices (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770236)
Issue 3:
2D Materials: Large-Area and High-Quality 2D Transition Metal Telluride (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770015)
Issue 41
Calcium Oxide: Multishelled CaO Microspheres Stabilized by Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 for Enhanced CO2 Capture Performance (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770294)
其他
Issue 31
Particle Clustering: High-Density Microfluidic Particle-Cluster-Array Device for Parallel and Dynamic Study of Interaction between Engineered Particles (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770222)
Issue 44
Hydrogels: Therapeutic-Gas-Responsive Hydrogel (Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770316)
高校/研究所特刊
Issue 14:
Materials Chemistry at Zhejiang University (Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770093)
Issue 20:
Wuhan University of Technology (Adv.Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770133)
Issue 25
Where New Materials Science Arises(Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770174)
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